Class XI

Physics Syllabus

Physics-scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; forces in nature, physics, technology and society. Need for measurement. Units of measurement; system of units; S.I. units, fundamental and derived units, length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurements; significant figures. Dimension of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

Unit-II : KINEMATICS

Frame of reference (Inertial and non-inertial frames). Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Uniform and non uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment). Scalar and vector quantities; Position and displacement vectors, general vectors and notation; equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity. Unit vectors, Resolution of a vector in a plane-rectangular components. Scalar and Vector product of vectors. Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration – projectile motion. Uniform circular motion.

Unit-III : LAWS OF MOTION

Intuitive concept of force. Intertia, Newton’s First law of motion; momentum and Newton’s Second law of motion; Impulse; Newton’s Third law of motion; Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces; Static and Kinetic friction, law of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion : Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road)

Unit-IV : WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; Kinetic energy, Workenergy theorem, power. Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces: conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies): non-conservative forces: motion in a vertical circle, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Unit-V : MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND RIGID BODY

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod. Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects (no derivations). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications

Unit-VI : GRAVITATION

Kepler’s law of planetary motion. The Universal law of gravitation, Gravitational constant. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth and rotation of earth. Gravitional potential energy; gravitational potential, Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of satellite. Geo-stationary satellites.

Unit-VII : PROPERTIES OF BULK MATTER

Elastic behaviour, stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear, modulus of rigidity, poison’s ratio; elastic energy. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes). Effect of gravity on fluid pressure. Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline and turbulent flow. Critical velocity. Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface tension, ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solid, liquids and gases, ideal gas laws, isothermal and adiabatic processes; anomalous expansion and its effect, specific heat capacity: Cp, Cv-Calorimetry; change of statespecific latent heat capacity. Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, Blackbody radiation Kirchoff’s law, absorptive and emissive powers and green house effect thermal conductivity, Newton’s law of cooling, Wein’s displacement law, Stefan’s law

Unit-VIII :THERMODYNAMICS

Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (Zeroth law of thermodynamics). Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics-Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators.

Unit-IX : BEHAVIOUR OF PERFECT GAS AND KINETIC THEORY

Equation of state of perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas. Kinetic theory of gases-assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature, rms speed of gas molecules; degree of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat of gases, concept of mean free path, Avogadro’s number.

Unit-X : OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

Periodic motion-Period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple Harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation, phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring froce and force constant, energy in SHM-kinetic and potential energies. Simple pendulum-derivation of expressions for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only) resonance. Wave motion : Longitudinal and transverse waves; speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats, Doppler effect.

Physics Lessons

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Chemistry Syllabus

Unit I : Some basic Concepts of Chemistry

Importance of Chemistry, Nature of Matter, properties of matter and their measurement, uncertainty in measurement, laws of Chemical combination, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Atomic and Molecular Masses, Mole concept and Molar Masses, percentage composition, Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric calculations.

Unit II : Structure of Atom

Discovery of electron, proton and neutron; atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thompson’s model and its limitations, Rutherford’s model and its limitations, Bohr’s model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertaintuy principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s- , p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principles and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.

Unit III : Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties.

Why do we need to classify elements ? Genesis of periodic classification, Modern Periodic Law and the present form of the perioidic Table, nomenclature of elements with Atomic Number>100, Electronic configurations of elements and the periodic table, Electronic configuration and types of elements , s-, p-d-f- Blocks, Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements – atomic radii , ionic radii, electron gain enthalpy, electronetivity, periodic trends in chemical properties.

Unit IV : Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure.

Kossel – Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding, Ionic or Electrovalent Bond, Bond parameters, The Valence shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory, Valence Bond Theory, Hybridisation, Molecular Orbital Theory, Bonding in some Homonuclear Diotomnic molecules, hydrogen Bonding.

Unit V : States of matter

Intermolecular Forces, hermal Energy, intermolecular Forces vs Thermal Interaction, The Gaseous State, The Gas Laws, Ideal Gas Equation, Kinetic Energy and Molecular Speeds, Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gas, Behaviour of Real Gases : Deviation from Ideal Gas Behaviour, Liquefaction of Gases, Liquid State.

Unit VI : Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic Terms, Applications, Measurement of U and H, Calorimetry, Enthalpy change, rH of a Reaction-Reaction Enthalpy, Enthalpies for different types of reactions, Spontaneity, Gibbs energy change and equilibrium.

Unit –VII : Equilibrium

Equilibrium in physical processes, equilibrium in chemical processes – Dynamic Equilibrium, Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium constant, Homogenous Equilibria, Heterogeneous Equilibria, Application of Equilibrium constants, Relationship between Equilibrium constant K, Reaction Quotient Q and Gibbs Energy G, Factors Affecting Equilibria Ionic Equilibrium in solution, Acids, Bases and salts, Ionization of Acids and Bases, buffer solutioins, solubility Equilibria of sparingly soluble salts.

Unit – VIII : Redox Reactions

Classical idea of Redox reactions – Oxidation and Reduction Reactions, Redox Reactions in terms of Electron Transfer Reactions, Oxidation Number, Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes.

Unit – IX : Hydrogen

Position of Hydrogen in the perioidic table, Dithydrogen, H2, Preparation and types of hydride, properties of Dihydrogen,; Hydrides, water, Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), Heavy water, D2O; Dihydrogen as a fuel.

Unit – X : The s- Block Elements

Group 1 elements : Alkali Metals, General Characteristics of the compounds of the Alkali Metals, Anomalous properties of Lithium, some important compounds of sodium, Biological Importance of sodium and potrassium, Group 2 elemetns : Alkaline Earth Metals, General characteristics of compounds of the Alkaline Earth Metals, Anomalous Behaviors of Beryllium, Some important compounds of calcium, biological importance of Magnesium and calcium.

Unit –XI : The p-Block Elements

Group 13 Elements : The boron family, Important Trends and Anomalous properties of Boron, Some Important compound of Boron, Uses of Boron and Aluminum and their compounds, Group 14 Elements : The Carbon family, Important Trends and Anomalous behavior of carbon, Allotropes of carbon, some important compounds of carbon and silicon.

Unit – XII : Organic Chemistry – some basic principles and Techniques.

General Introduction, Tetra valance of carbon : shapes of organic compounds, structural representations of organic compounds, classification of organic compounds, Nomenclature of organic compounds, Isomerism, Fundamental concepts in organic Reaction Mechanism, Methods of compounds, Methods of purification of organic compounds, Qualitative Analysis of organic compounds, Quantitative Analysis.

Unit –XIII : Hydrocarbons

Classification, Alkanes- Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), Preparations, Physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenations, combustion and pyrolysis. Alkenes − Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene) geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation; chemical reactions : addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition. Alkynes – Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions : acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of – hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water. Aromatic hydrocarbons – Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzne,: resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution – nitration sulphonation, halogenations, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.

Unit – XIV : Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution – Air, water and soil pollutions, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming – pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.